A fallacy is an error in reasoning, usually based on mistaken assumptions. Researchers are cery familiar with all the ways they could go wrong with the fallacies they are susceptible to. Here, I explain two of the most important.
The Ecological fallacy occurs when you make conclusions about individuals based only on analyses of group data.
An Exception Fallacy is sort of the reverse of the ecological fallacy. It occurs when you reach a group conclusion on the basis of exceptional cases.
Both of these fallacies point to some of the traps that exist in both research and everyday reasoning. They also point out how important it is that we do research. We need to determine empirically how individuals perform. Similarly, we need to look at whether there are correlations between certain behaviors and certain groups.
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